EN:US cultural exchange programme
From Historisches Lexikon Bayerns
Some 14,000 people took part in the US cultural exchange programme between 1947 and the end of the 1950s. The programme was part of the so-called Reeducation and Reorientation of the West German population and served the so-called Containment policy. The participants were selected based on a careful procedure. Preference was given primarily to people who had a distinct potential to be a disseminator. Among them, a large number of top figures from business, politics and society can be found. School pupils and students also participated in the stays that often lasted multiple months, taking part in the so-called Teen-Age programme. Prominent participants from Bavaria included Franz Josef Strauß (CSU, 1915-1988), Baron Waldemar von Knoeringen (SPD, 1906-1971), Hildegard Hamm-Brücher (FDP, 1921-2016) and Maria Probst (CSU, 1902-1967).
In the context of the US-American re-education policy
When the US-American occupation forces arrived in Bavaria in 1945, they saw the containment of Nazi ideology as one of their most important tasks. The aim was to replace the National Socialist world-view with a firmly established democracy. This was considered an indispensable prerequisite for long-term international understanding. Democratisation was to be accomplished through an extensive re-education programme. It covered the revision of the education system and the new regulation of religious affairs, the transfer of the cultural and media policy into pluralism, the implementation of a film, women and youth programme, the establishment of America houses and an exchange of personnel at suitable hubs.
Initially, the re-education activities concentrated on the education system, mainly because the potential for influence was considered particularly high there. However, the prospects of success were limited for a number of reasons: a quick reopening of the schools was necessary to prevent the neglect of children and young people, so it was not possible to complete the replacement of all the staff and the textbooks. Additional challenges for the occupying forces were the rebuilding and equipping of school buildings, school meals and increased student numbers due to refugees and displaced persons.
Furthermore, the Military Government had to deal with strong resistance towards the school reform, which was fuelled by the re-established local Education Authority (Müller, 111–288). It was unsettled by the intended “external reform”, which included an alignment with the US-American school system and its purely horizontal structure. The background for the American efforts was provided by the so-called Zook Report (American Commission on Education, State of Education, 1946). It saw the Bavarian system, with its vertically separated school types after the four-year primary school period, as a breeding ground for elitist thinking, which had, amongst other things, paved the way to National Socialism.
However, the lack of progress and the memorandum from a university working group from Chicago (USA; Working Group for German Issues at the University of Chicago) led the US military government to abandon the planned structural school reform. From the beginning of the 1950s onwards, measures increasingly did not focus on the discussion of educational goals and content in schools anymore, but on extracurricular areas such as the construction of the America Houses and the organisation of a cultural exchange programme (Füssl, Kulturaustausch, 169-201).
Organisation by the military government
The move away from the external school reform manifested itself in the change of the Military Government's head of the education department, when Alonzo Grace (1896-1971, Head of the Education Department 1948-1949) took over the management of the "Education and Cultural Relations Division" (E&CR) in the summer of 1948. The cultural exchange programme had begun the year before and was further expanded at the beginning of the 1950s. The E&CR's own sub-division for cultural affairs ("Cultural Affairs Branch"; Heydenreuter, Office, 230), opened in 1948, also shows the great importance attached to this part of the re-education policy. The term "exchange" mainly referred to trips by specialists and executives to the USA, which were summarised under the title "German Experts to the United States". For example, participants from the education sector spent between one and three months in the United States. The Military Government provided the financial basis for the endeavour.
Implementation on site
The planning and implementation of the programme on site in the United States was the responsibility of the "sponsors", exchange supporters recruited from the relevant professional or trade associations (OMGUS 1.10.1948-31.12.1949, Mf. 1–9). This skilful bringing together of people in similar technical and professional positions was intended to ensure that the participants in the exchange programme were able to experience satisfying technical discussions, meaningful participation in conferences and the like.
Content design
Lying within the framework of the re-education policy, the cultural exchange programme was subordinated to the goals of international understanding and democratisation. Getting to know the United States was supposed to contribute to developing tolerance on the path to the peaceful coexistence of nations. The US-Americans' democratic behaviour patterns were to be observed and appropriated. As many areas of public life as possible were to be supported, for example trade unions, women's organisations and political institutions (Latzin, Lernen [2005], 139–304). Special support was given to the education sector; people from this group made up about twelve percent of the participants in the exchange programme.
With the goal of changing the school system having receded into the background, the projects in the education sector concentrated on an “internal school reform” following the turnaround in policy under Alonzo Grace. For example, Bavarian participants, sitting in on classes, were to observe the use of objective test methods in mathematics and science lessons. By promoting impartiality and freedom from prejudice, the learning of this method was to be a model for peaceful problem-solving strategies in everyday life and a small step on the path to world peace. The "Curriculum and Curriculum Making" project aimed to promote curriculum revision through familiarisation with US-American curricula and how they are written. The aim was to modernise the Bavarian timetables and curricula and to focus on relevance to life. The "Study of Social Studies Teaching in the U.S." project took the concept of civic education into consideration; the aim was to impart how democratic action could be learned on three levels: in a class-transcending school community, through teaching methods that allow for pluralism, and in a separate subject, social studies.
Selection of participants
The number of participants in the exchanges was limited; on average, only four people were selected for each project. Therefore, it is understandable that the selection was made very carefully, not least out of consideration for the American taxpayer and the high organisational workload involved in the exchange. In addition to political reliability, the overriding criterion was the candidate's potential role as a disseminator. They had to demonstrate that they had the ability, the professional network and the competence to disseminate the knowledge and skills acquired in the USA in Bavaria.
The curriculum project can be used as an example to illustrate the primacy of the dissemination potential. Selected candidates had already made a name for themselves in curriculum development and held positions that allowed them to gain experience abroad. Thus, from Bavaria, Countess Silvia von Brockdorff (1908–2003), who worked in an advisory capacity for the Office of Military Government for Bavaria (OMGB), and Paul Wilpert (1906–1967), who held a professorship for philosophy and education in Passau, took part in 1949. Both of these were later involved in advising on the "Foundation for the Reconstruction of the Bavarian Education and Schooling System" (so-called Wallenburg Foundation). The foundation was established on 5 April 1948 by the Ministry of Cultural Affairs and was named after Schloss Wallenburg (Miesbach district), its first meeting site (from 1 December 1948 on the meeting venue was Kempfenhausen [Starnberg district]). In the Wallenburg Foundation, a group of experts dealt with various issues regarding the Bavarian education system, such as the highest educational goals and the content of teacher training. Participants returning from the United States were systematically supervised to guarantee the transfer of professional knowledge and the dissemination of democratic behaviour (Latzin, Lernen [2005], 304-321).
However, factors of a completely different nature were also relevant: married applicants were preferred as it was assumed that they would actually return to Bavaria. English skills also played a role as a prerequisite for successful communication in the target country. Professional experience and therefore the age of the candidates was also important. During the planning phase pre-1948, it had looked as if cultural exchange would be open primarily to the younger generation. The age group of 16 to 19-year-olds finally got their money's worth in the smaller “Teen-Age programme” (Pilgert, Exchange, 60–62; Puaca, Missionaries). However, right after the start of the exchange programme, the majority of the participants were managers.
Importance of the programme
The cultural exchange with its peak between 1949 and 1953 falls into a period of increasing partnership between Germany and the USA and can be seen as part of the so-called Containment policy, in which the USA wanted to prevent or contain the spread of communism using political means. The measures were part of the "Reeducation Programme", although considering the lack of directive actions the term "reorientation" is more relevant to what actually happened.
Between its beginning and end in the 1950s, 14,000 people completed the exchange programme, including the 2,000 participants who visited Western European countries. The "Teen-Age programme" accounted for around 2,300 one-year stays in the first half of the 1950s. The exchange was seen as the heart of the reorientation. The Governor of the Office of Military Government for Germany (OMGUS) Lucius D. Clay (1898–1978, Military Governor 1947–1949) described it as the "foundation upon which our reorientation program was built" (Clay, Decision in Germany, 301).
The skilful placement of the returning top executives on the committees of post-war Bavaria that matched their experience abroad is evidence of the programs potential reach. In the end though, it is not possible to clearly determine which democratic elements can actually be traced back to the exchange (for the public's reactions to the exchange, see Latzin, Lernen [2005], 321-326). The success of the programme for the younger generation can probably be regarded as moderate, since the United States was extremely attractive to young people, which made it difficult for them to reintegrate in Bavaria.
The unilateral nature of the exchange, which was also intended to promote the USA, is worthy of criticism. For this reason, historical research has already suggested the term “visit programme” to replace the concept of exchange (Kreis; Latzin). In fact, just 2,000 Americans came to Germany as part of the cultural exchange. In terms of content, it was completely characterized by one-sidedness – from the very beginning, there was the implication that the only thing that needed to be improved was the way of life in Germany. The most extensive bilateralism could be observed in teacher exchanges, although this included just a few participants. Cultural exchange became more reciprocal after its assignment to the US State Department from 1951, when the "Fulbright Programme" was also opened up to Germany. The programme initiated by James William Fulbright (1905–1995) in 1946 supports academic exchange from and with the USA (as of 2019: over 160 partner countries and over 390,000 participants since 1946).
A summary assessment of the impact of cultural exchange is difficult to make simply because of the heterogeneous nature of the participants. Its contribution to the success story of the country's democratisation cannot be quantified; historical research sometimes estimates the impact of these measures as small compared to the influence of the improved economic conditions. It is documented that the Bavarian graduates were impressed above all by the prosperity and progressiveness of the host country, but were critical of the school system, for example. However, the cultural exchange programme, the largest in history, definitely made a certain contribution to democratisation on its way to becoming firmly anchored in the Western world.
| Name | Biographical data | Role at the time of the study trip |
Study trip subject | Study trip length | Stops on the study trip |
Sources/Literature |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adam, Robert | born 1894 | Head of Section and Deputy Secretary of State for Refugees | Refugee support and assimilation | 1950/51, four months | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 337. | |
| Albrecht, Lisa | 1896-1958 | Deputy State Chairman of the SPD (1947-1949), Chair of the SPD Women's Committee (1947-1958) | Women in politics | 18 February bis 28 April 1949 | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 276. | |
| Anderl, Ludwig | 1909-1967 | Chaplain in Trostberg | Labour and social affairs | 1949/50 | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 338. | |
| Anhegger, Friederike | 1921-2009 | City councillor in Kempten (CSU, 1972-1990) | 1954, two months (15.9.-19.11.1954) | New York City, Washington D.C., Niagara Falls (New York), Chicago (Illinois), Kenosha (Wisconsin), Denver (Colorado), Rocky Mountains, Milwaukee (Wisconsin), Salt Lake City (Utah), San Francisco (Kalifornien), Los Angeles (California), Grand Canyon (Arizona), New Orleans (Louisiana) | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 339. Stadtarchiv Kempten. | |
| Baer, Fritz | 1901-1993 | Head of Department, Head of the State Chancellery (1957-1960) | Politics and administration | 1957, six weeks | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 340. | |
| Baeyer, Wanda von | Head of the Franconian Women's Association, Head of the Federal Committee for Citizenship Cooperation in the Deutscher Frauenring women's organisation, wife of the psychiatrist Walter von Baeyer | Women's organisation and political associations | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 276. | |||
| Bamberger, Elisabeth | 1890-1984 | Head of the Munich City Youth Welfare Office (1950-1955) | Welfare facilities for mother and child | 1951 | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 340. | |
| Baudrexel, Josef | Managing Director of the National Association for Free Adult Education | Adult education | 1953 | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 163. | ||
| Birnbaum, Immanuel | 1894-1982 | Head of the Foreign Policy Department at the SZ newspaper (1953-1972) | Press | 1955, six weeks | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 343. | |
| Böhm, Wilhelmine | Advisor for girls' education in the State Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 141. | ||||
| Bosl, Karl | 1908-1993 | 1st Chairman of the Bavarian Philologists' Association (1949-1954), Wallenburg Foundation liaison to the Ministry of Cultural Affairs (1951/52) | Teacher training and teacher associations | 1951/52 | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 154, 344. | |
| Brauer, Heinz | 1909-2000 | Deputy Member of the Board of Management at Renk AG (1949-1956) | Labour relations | 1950 | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 345. | |
| Braun, Hanns Maria | 1893-1966 | Honorary professor for theatre criticism (1949), theatre critic | Theatre criticism | 1949 | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 345. | |
| Brenner, Eduard | 1888-1970 | City Councillor (SPD) in Nuremberg (1946-1950), Chairman of the State Association for Free Adult Education (1946-1949) | Law and political science in higher education | 1949, two months | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 144. | |
| Brockdorff, Silvia Gräfin von | born 1908 | Advisor on educational issues to the US military government (1948) | Curriculum design | 1949, three months | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 152. | |
| Domcke, Hans | 1923-2010 | Occupation in Bavarian justice (since 1949) | Politics | 1956 | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 133, 350. | |
| Ebert, Wilhelm | 1923-2017 | Chairman of the Working Group of Bavarian Young Teachers (1948-1952) | Teacher training and teacher associations | 1949, 1951/52 | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 153, 154, 352. | |
| Ehard, Hans | 1887-1980 | Minister President (1946-1954), Chairman of the CSU (1949-1955) | Politics | 1953, four weeks | Chicago (Illinois), Hollywood (California), among others | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 276, 353. SZ, 21.7.1953, 10. |
| Erhard, Ludwig | 1897-1977 | Director of the Economic Administration of the VWG (1948-1949), Federal Minister of Economic Affairs (1949-1963) | Politics | 1949, three weeks | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 133, 353. | |
| Feilner, Hildegund | born 1918 | Consultant in the Ministry of Economic Affairs (1948-1952) | Women's organisations and business | 1950, seven months (March to September) | New York City, Washington D.C., New Orleans (Louisiana), Monroe (Lousiana), Chicago (Illinois), Minneapolis (Minnesota), Detroit (Michigan), Hartfort (Connecticut), Salt Lake City (Utah), San Francisco (California), Los Angeles (California), Denver (Colorado) | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 282, 355. |
| Fendt, Franz | 1892–1982 | Rector of the University of Political Sciences (HfP) Munich (1950-1954) | Law and political science in higher education | 1949, three months | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 355. | |
| Feury, Otto Freiherr von | 1906-1998 | Deputy Chairman of the BBV Oberbayern (1949-1955) | Agricultural organisations | 1949, two months | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 356. | |
| Fingerle, Anton | 1912-1976 | Munich City School Board (1945-1976) | Education | 1948 (September to November) | New York City, Albany (New York), Hartfort (Connecticut), Buffalo (New York), Detroit (Michigan), Battle Creek (Michigan), Lansing (Michigan), Chicago (Illinois), Schenectady, Baltimore (Maryland), Washington D.C., among others | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 154, 356. |
| Fischer, August | 1901-1986 | Mayor of Kempten (1952-1970), President of the "Verband der Heimkehrer, Kriegsgefangenen und Vermisstenangehörigen" (1951-1961) | 1954, two months | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 357. | ||
| Gebel, Christa | born 1924 | Women's secretary in the Bavarian Federation of Trade Unions | Women in trade unions and working life | 1949, three months | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 280, 360. | |
| Glum, Friedrich | 1891-1974 | Head of Section in the State Chancellery (1946-1952) | Law and political science in higher education | 1949, three months | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 142, 361. | |
| Goppel, Alfons | 1905-1991 | Minister of the Interior (1958-1962) | Politics | 1959, six weeks (19.10. bis 3.12.1959) | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 133, 362. ACSP, NL Goppel 121. | |
| Guttenberg, Elisabeth Freifrau zu | 1900-1998 | Regional Chairwoman of the Catholic Women's Aid | Layperson participation in Catholic Action | 1950 | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 364. | |
| Hagen, Lorenz | 1885-1965 | President of the Bavarian Federation of Trade Unions (1947-1949), Chairman of the Federation of German Trade Unions for the region Bavaria (1949-1955), Member of the State Parliament (SPD, 1946-1954) | Trade union organisations in the USA | 1949, two months | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 133, 365. | |
| Hamm-Brücher, Hildegard | 1921-2016 | City councillor in Munich (FDP, 1948-1954) | Political and Social Science Program | 1949/50, one year | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 365. | |
| Haushofer, Heinz | 1906-1988 | Director of the State Committee for Agricultural Advice and Training in the Ministry of Agriculture (1949-1951) | Agricultural advisory service | 1949, two months | Washington D.C., various towns in the states of West Virginia and Pennsylvania, amongst others | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 270, 367. |
| Held, Philipp | 1911-1993 | District Administrator of Freising (1945-1966), Member of the State Parliament (CSU, 1954-1974) | 1956 (17 September to 1 November) | New York City, Washington D.C., Boston (Massachusetts), Williamsport (Pennsylvania), Buffalo (New York), Niagara Falls (New York), Chicago (Michigan), Denver (Colorado), Williams (Arizona), Los Angeles (California), San Francisco (California), Salt Lake City (Utah), Dallas (Texas), New Orleans (Louisiana), Sidney (Nebraska) | ACSP, NL Held 14. | |
| Hilgard, Hanns | born 1911 | Employee in the Higher Education Department at the Ministry of Cultural Affairs (1946-1952) | Public administration | 1949, two months | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 141, 371. | |
| Hörburger, Frieda | Head of the Kindergarten Department at LMU | 1950, two months | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 141, 372. | |||
| Hundhammer, Alois | 1900–1974 | Minister of Cultural Affairs 1946-1950, Member of the State Parliament (CSU, 1946-1970) | Education in the USA | 1950 (17 May to 26 May) | Washington D.C., Chicago (Michigan), New York City, various towns in the states of Virginia, Maryland, among others | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 157-158. SZ, 26.5.1950, 22.5.1950, 31.5.1950. |
| Ilk, Hertha | 1902-1972 | Member of Parliament (FDP, 1949-1957) | Women in politics | 1951, three months | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 276, 373. | |
| Knoeringen, Waldemar Freiherr von | 1906-1971 | Member of the State Parliament (SPD, 1946-1970), Regional Chairman of the SPD (1947-1963) | Politics | 1949 | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 133, 379. | |
| Laufer, Gerda | 1910-1999 | City councillor in Würzburg (1946-1956), Member of the State Parliament (SPD, 1954-1974) | Politics and society | 1954 | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 276, 383. | |
| Lippl, Alois Johannes | 1903–1957 | Director of the Bavarian State Theatre (1948-1953) | Theatre management | 1949/50 | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 133, 386. | |
| Maly, Josef | 1898-1961 | Director of the State Institute for Crippled Children | Teaching training for special education schools | 1949, three months | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 141, 387. | |
| Meinzolt, Hans | 1887-1967 | State Councillor in the Ministry of Cultural Affairs (1946-1954) | Education | 1952, one month | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 141, 389. | |
| Neff, Richard | born 1892 | Chairman of the Bavarian Association of Administrative Districts (1948-1952) | Local government | 1951 | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 133, 393. | |
| Probst, Maria | 1902-1967 | Member of the State Parliament (CSU, 1946-1949), Member of Parliament (1949-1967) | Women in politics | 1949, three months | New York City, Syracuse (New York), Indianapolis (Indiana), Bloomington (Indiana), Hartford (Connecticut), Riverdale (Connecticut), Salem (Massachusetts), Glastonbury (Connecticut), Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 276, 399. |
| Rucker, August | 1900-1978 | Rector of the Technical University of Munich (1951-1954) | Education | 1954, ten weeks | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 141, 403. | |
| Schaller, Jutta | 1909-1983 | Ministry of Economic Affairs (since 1950) | Women's organisations | 1951 | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 277, 404. | |
| Schilling, Josef | 1892–1957 | Member of the Senate (1947–1957), Director of the Munich Employment Office (since 1951) | Trade unions and the public sector | 1949, two months | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 133, 406. | |
| Seeling, Otto | 1891–1955 | CSU, entrepreneur, President of the Bavarian Industry Association (1949-1955) | 1951 (8 November to 5 December) | New York City, Washington D.C., Buffalo (New York), Toledo (Ohio), Niagara Falls (New York), Detroit (Michigan), Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania), Greenfield-Village (Michigan), Corning (New York), among others | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 111-112, ACSP, NL Seeling | |
| Seidel, Hanns | 1901-1961 | Member of the State Parliament (CSU, 1946-1961), Chairman of the CSU (1955-1961) | Politics | 1956, six weeks | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 133, 412. | |
| Spindler, Sofie | 1904-1997 | Director of the Regional School for the Blind Munich (1947-1969) | Teacher training for schools for the blind | 1949 | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 141, 415. | |
| Strauß, Franz Josef | 1915-1988 | Member of Parliament (CSU, 1949-1978) | Legislative prerogatives and responsibilities | 1953, one month | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 133, 418. | |
| Thieme, Willy | 1912-1979 | Member of State Parliament (SPD, 1950–1958) | Legislative prerogatives and responsibilities | 1951, three months | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 133, 420. | |
| Wilpert, Paul | 1906-1967 | President of the Bavarian State Association for Free Adult Education (1949-1955) | Education and adult education | 1949, two months | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 163, 426. | |
| Wimmer, Thomas | 1887-1964 | Lord Mayor of Munich (SPD, 1948-1960), Member of the State Parliament (SPD, 1946-1958) | Politics | 1954 | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 133, 427. | |
| Zorell, Elisabeth | 1896-1993 | Head of the Kindergarten Teachers' Department at the Social Women's School Munich (1944-1961) | Kindergarten teacher training | 1949, four months | Latzin (2005), Lernen, 141, 430. |
Note: The table contains a selection of the diverse participants. The organisers of the trip and the respective stops are not generally known in all cases.
| Participants‘ professional fields | US-Americans to Germany |
Germans to the USA |
|---|---|---|
| Educational issues | *390 | *1.567 |
| Youth issues | 112 | 736 |
| Religious affairs | 54 | 305 |
| Women’s issues | 32 | 319 |
| Health and social services | 16 | 306 |
| Libraries and museums | 17 | 119 |
| Law | 28 | 358 |
| Politics | 86 | 965 |
| Trade unions | 39 | 884 |
| Press and information services | 69 | 563 |
| Agriculture | 49 | 359 |
| Students | *399 | *1.823 |
| Pupils | - | 2.227 |
| Miscellaneous | 64 | 385 |
| Total | *1.355 | *10.916 |
Note: The figures marked with * also include participants in the Fulbright Programme. Source: ACSP, NL Philipp Held.
References
- Karl-Heinz Füssl, Deutsch-amerikanischer Kulturaustausch im 20. Jahrhundert. Bildung - Wissenschaft - Politik, Frankfurt am Main/New York 2004.
- Karl-Heinz Füssl, Zwischen Eliteförderung und Erziehungsreform: Deutsch-amerikanische Austauschprogramme, in: Detlef Junker/Philipp Gassert/Wilfried Mausbach u.a. (Hg.), Die USA und Deutschland im Zeitalter des Kalten Krieges, Band 1: 1945-1967, Stuttgart/München 2001, 623-633.
- Maritta Hein-Kremer, Die amerikanische Kulturoffensive. Gründung und Entwicklung der amerikanischen Information-Centers in Westdeutschland und West-Berlin 1945-1955 (Beiträge zur Geschichte der Kulturpolitik 6), Köln/Wien 1996.
- Reinhard Heydenreuter, Office of Military Government for Bavaria, in: Christoph Weisz (Hg.), OMGUS-Handbuch. Die amerikanische Militärregierung in Deutschland. 1945–1949, München 2. Auflage 1995, 143–316.
- Ellen Latzin, Lernen von Amerika? Das US-Kulturaustauschprogramm für Bayern und seine Absolventen (Transatlantische Historische Studien 23), Stuttgart 2005.
- Ellen Latzin, Lernen von Amerika? Das Kulturaustauschprogramm für Bayern und seine Absolventen, in: Forum Heimatforschung 11 (2006), 85-99.
- Winfried Müller, Schulpolitik in Bayern im Spannungsfeld von Kultusbürokratie und Besatzungsmacht. 1945-1949, München 1995.
Sources
- Amerikanische Erziehungskommission, Der gegenwärtige Stand der Erziehung in Deutschland, München 1946.
- Arbeitsgemeinschaft für deutsche Fragen an der Universität Chicago, Höheres Schulwesen in Deutschland. Ein Memorandum über den Bericht der United States Education Mission to Germany, in: Pädagogische Welt 2 (1948), 88–95.
- Lucius D. Clay, Decision in Germany. Garden City, NY 1950.
- Henry P. Pilgert, The exchange of persons program in western Germany. Frankfurt am Main 1951.
- OMGUS, ECR Education Br. Teacher education: Cultural exchange projects "German experts to U.S.", 1949, (individual projects): description of project, correspondence, personal data of involved experts, some reports. 2 Mikrofiches. 1.10.1948–31.12.1949. Institut für Zeitgeschichte, 5/308-2/34-62.
- Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv (BayHStA), Reiseunterlagen bayerischer Teilnehmer am US-Kulturaustauschprogramm, in: MWi 13046-13049 (Akten des Reationalisierungs-Kuratoriums der Deutschen Wirtschaft, Bezirksgruppe Bayern).
- Stadtarchiv Kempten, NL Friedel Anhegger.
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Dorottya Ruisz, US cultural exchange programme, published 09 December 2019, English version published 08 April 2024; in: Historisches Lexikon Bayerns, URL: <http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/EN:US_cultural_exchange_programme> (13.10.2024)